See -iz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old English: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-r"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "-is",
"word": "-𐌹𐍃"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-yes-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-yōs",
"4": "*-yes-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-yes-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the zero-grade *-is- of Proto-Indo-European *-yes-, back-formed from weak inflections. Note that most case forms of an adjective can be functionally equivalent to an adverb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-izô",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adj": "*-izô"
},
"expansion": "*-iz (adjective *-izô)",
"name": "gem-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs."
],
"id": "en--iz-gem-pro-suffix-CtXnsHBM",
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "-istaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*-iz",
"name": "gem-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots."
],
"id": "en--iz-gem-pro-suffix-YdfLlKet",
"links": [
[
"vṛddhi",
"vṛddhi#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"merged with *-jaz and *-ijaz"
],
"word": "*-ī"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"fossilized",
"with i-umlaut"
],
"word": "-r"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "-iʀ",
"word": "-ᛁᛉ"
}
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-iz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-į",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-į",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-īs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-īs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "adjective suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-iz (adjective suffix)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"id": "en--iz-gem-pro-suffix-gem_pro:adjective",
"raw_glosses": [
"(forms attributive adjectives with the meaning of “X-ed” or “characterized by X”)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"forms attributive adjectives with the meaning of “X-ed” or “characterized by X”"
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:adjective"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"empty-gloss",
"morpheme",
"no-gloss",
"reconstruction",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"anitz",
"anitz#Basque"
],
[
"-tza",
"-tza#Basque"
],
[
"-icī",
"-ici#Latin"
],
[
"-īs",
"-is#Latin"
],
[
"-ez",
"-ez#Spanish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-ez"
},
"expansion": "Spanish -ez",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain, possibilities include:\n* a variant of the plural suffix -itz found in anitz (“many”).\n* a variant of the collective suffix -tza.\n* derived from the Latin genitive -icī as used in personal names.\n* derived from the Latin ablative -īs.\n* derived from Spanish -ez.\nFurthermore, it is not certain that the patronymic suffix is identical to the one found in toponyms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-itz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "(no longer productive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-iz"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"iz"
]
}
],
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Toponymic suffix."
],
"id": "en--iz-eu-suffix-p87Ex7Eg",
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 55 21 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Basque entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Orti + -iz → Ortiz (“son of Orti”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Patronymic suffix found in surnames."
],
"id": "en--iz-eu-suffix-bzLQohsk",
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is̻/"
},
{
"ipa": "[is̻]"
},
{
"ipa": "/is̻/",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[is̻]",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/is̺/",
"tags": [
"Biscayan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[is̺]",
"tags": [
"Biscayan"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̻"
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̻"
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̺"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Breizhiz: Bretons, people of Britanny."
}
],
"glosses": [
"found on plural nouns with the meaning of people of a country."
],
"id": "en--iz-br-suffix-zvreADXg",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "-iz"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"Spanish",
"-ez#Spanish"
],
[
"Old Spanish",
"-ez#Old_Spanish"
],
[
"-ez",
"-ez#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es,osp,roa-opt",
"2": "-ez"
},
"expansion": "Spanish, Old Spanish, and Old Galician-Portuguese -ez",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Compare with Spanish, Old Spanish, and Old Galician-Portuguese -ez.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ez",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ole",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Leonese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms patronymics from male given names; -son"
],
"id": "en--iz-roa-ole-suffix-FxADLWIE",
"links": [
[
"-son",
"-son"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Basque 1-syllable words",
"Basque entries with incorrect language header",
"Basque lemmas",
"Basque suffixes",
"Basque terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Basque terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Basque/is̺",
"Rhymes:Basque/is̺/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:Basque/is̻",
"Rhymes:Basque/is̻/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"anitz",
"anitz#Basque"
],
[
"-tza",
"-tza#Basque"
],
[
"-icī",
"-ici#Latin"
],
[
"-īs",
"-is#Latin"
],
[
"-ez",
"-ez#Spanish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-ez"
},
"expansion": "Spanish -ez",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain, possibilities include:\n* a variant of the plural suffix -itz found in anitz (“many”).\n* a variant of the collective suffix -tza.\n* derived from the Latin genitive -icī as used in personal names.\n* derived from the Latin ablative -īs.\n* derived from Spanish -ez.\nFurthermore, it is not certain that the patronymic suffix is identical to the one found in toponyms.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-itz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eu",
"2": "non-productive"
},
"expansion": "(no longer productive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-iz"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"iz"
]
}
],
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Toponymic suffix."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Orti + -iz → Ortiz (“son of Orti”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Patronymic suffix found in surnames."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is̻/"
},
{
"ipa": "[is̻]"
},
{
"ipa": "/is̻/",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[is̻]",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/is̺/",
"tags": [
"Biscayan"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[is̺]",
"tags": [
"Biscayan"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̻"
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̻"
},
{
"rhymes": "-is̺"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton suffixes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Breizhiz: Bretons, people of Britanny."
}
],
"glosses": [
"found on plural nouns with the meaning of people of a country."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "-iz"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"Spanish",
"-ez#Spanish"
],
[
"Old Spanish",
"-ez#Old_Spanish"
],
[
"-ez",
"-ez#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es,osp,roa-opt",
"2": "-ez"
},
"expansion": "Spanish, Old Spanish, and Old Galician-Portuguese -ez",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Compare with Spanish, Old Spanish, and Old Galician-Portuguese -ez.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ez",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ole",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-iz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ole",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Leonese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Leonese lemmas",
"Old Leonese suffixes",
"Old Leonese terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"forms patronymics from male given names; -son"
],
"links": [
[
"-son",
"-son"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adverb-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic i-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz/1 syllable"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old English: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German: -",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-ur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-ur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-r"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "-is",
"word": "-𐌹𐍃"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-yes-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-yōs",
"4": "*-yes-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-yes-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the zero-grade *-is- of Proto-Indo-European *-yes-, back-formed from weak inflections. Note that most case forms of an adjective can be functionally equivalent to an adverb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-izô",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adj": "*-izô"
},
"expansion": "*-iz (adjective *-izô)",
"name": "gem-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"superlative"
],
"word": "-istaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs."
],
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic i-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*-iz",
"name": "gem-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots."
],
"links": [
[
"vṛddhi",
"vṛddhi#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic i-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/iz/1 syllable"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"merged with *-jaz and *-ijaz"
],
"word": "*-ī"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"raw_tags": [
"fossilized",
"with i-umlaut"
],
"word": "-r"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "-iʀ",
"word": "-ᛁᛉ"
}
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "i-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-iz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-į",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-į",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-jatō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-īs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-īs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-īnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "adjective suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-iz (adjective suffix)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"raw_glosses": [
"(forms attributive adjectives with the meaning of “X-ed” or “characterized by X”)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"forms attributive adjectives with the meaning of “X-ed” or “characterized by X”"
],
"senseid": [
"gem-pro:adjective"
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"empty-gloss",
"morpheme",
"no-gloss",
"reconstruction",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iz/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-iz"
}
],
"word": "-iz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -iz meaning in All languages combined (14.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.